<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
    <head>
        <!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>未定义行为</title>
        
        


        <!-- Custom HTML head -->
        


        <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
        <meta name="description" content="">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
        <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />

        
        <link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg">
        
        
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png">
        
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print">

        <!-- Fonts -->
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
        
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts.css">
        

        <!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="highlight.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="tomorrow-night.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="ayu-highlight.css">

        <!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
        
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/reference.css">
        

        
    </head>
    <body>
        <!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var path_to_root = "";
            var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
        </script>

        <!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            try {
                var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
                var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');

                if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
                    localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
                }

                if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
                    localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
                }
            } catch (e) { }
        </script>

        <!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var theme;
            try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
            if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
            var html = document.querySelector('html');
            html.classList.remove('no-js')
            html.classList.remove('light')
            html.classList.add(theme);
            html.classList.add('js');
        </script>

        <!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var html = document.querySelector('html');
            var sidebar = 'hidden';
            if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
                try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
                sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
            }
            html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
            html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
        </script>

        <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
            <div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="翻译说明.html">翻译说明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="introduction.html">介绍</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="notation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 表义符</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lexical-structure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 词法结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="input-format.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 输入格式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="identifiers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 标识符</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="whitespace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 空白符</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tokens.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> token</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="paths.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 路径</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 宏</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="macros-by-example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 声明宏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="procedural-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 过程宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="crates-and-source-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> crate 和源文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="conditional-compilation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 条件编译</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 程序项</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 模块</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/extern-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 外部crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/use-declarations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> use声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/type-aliases.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 类型别名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/enumerations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/unions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> 联合体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/constant-items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> 常量项</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/static-items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> 静态项</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/implementations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> 实现</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/external-blocks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.13.</strong> 外部块</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.14.</strong> 类型参数和生存期参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="items/associated-items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.15.</strong> 关联程序项</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.16.</strong> 可见性与隐私权</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 属性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="attributes/testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="attributes/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 派生</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="attributes/diagnostics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 诊断</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="attributes/codegen.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 代码生成</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="attributes/limits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 极限设置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="attributes/type_system.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 类型系统</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="statements-and-expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 语句和表达式</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="statements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 语句</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 表达式</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/literal-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.1.</strong> 字面量表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/path-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.2.</strong> 路径表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/block-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.3.</strong> 块表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/operator-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.4.</strong> 运算符表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/grouped-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.5.</strong> 分组表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/array-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.6.</strong> 数组和索引表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/tuple-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.7.</strong> 元组和索引表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/struct-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.8.</strong> 结构体表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/enum-variant-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.9.</strong> 枚举变体表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/call-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.10.</strong> 调用表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/method-call-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.11.</strong> 方法调用表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/field-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.12.</strong> 字段访问表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/closure-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.13.</strong> 闭包表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/loop-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.14.</strong> 循环表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/range-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.15.</strong> 区间表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/if-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.16.</strong> if 和 if let 表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/match-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.17.</strong> 匹配表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/return-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.18.</strong> 返回表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="expressions/await-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.19.</strong> 等待(await)表达式</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="type-system.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 类型系统</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/boolean.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.1.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/numeric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.2.</strong> 数字型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/textual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.3.</strong> 字符型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/never.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.4.</strong> never类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.5.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.6.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.7.</strong> 切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.8.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.9.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/union.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.10.</strong> 联合体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/function-item.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.11.</strong> 函数项类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.12.</strong> 闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.13.</strong> 指针型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/function-pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.14.</strong> 函数指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.15.</strong> trait对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/impl-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.16.</strong> 实现trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/parameters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.17.</strong> 类型参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="types/inferred.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.18.</strong> 推断型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dynamically-sized-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 动态尺寸类型(DST)</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="type-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 类型布局 </a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 内部可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="subtyping.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 子类型和型变</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trait-bounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> trait约束及其生存期约束</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="type-coercions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 类型自动强转</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="destructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.</strong> 析构函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lifetime-elision.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.</strong> 生存期省略</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="special-types-and-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 特殊类型和 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="memory-model.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 内存模型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="memory-allocation-and-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 内存分配和其生存期</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="memory-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 内存所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 变量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linkage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 链接(linkage)</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="unsafety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 非安全性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="unsafe-functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 非安全函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="unsafe-blocks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 非安全代码块</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="behavior-considered-undefined.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> 未定义行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="behavior-not-considered-unsafe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 不被认为是非安全的行为</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="const_eval.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 常量求值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="abi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> ABI</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="runtime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Rust运行时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="macro-ambiguity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 宏定义规范</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="influences.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> 影响来源</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="glossary.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 术语表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="本书术语翻译对照表.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.4.</strong> 本书术语翻译对照表</a></li></ol></li></ol>
            </div>
            <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
        </nav>

        <div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">

            <div class="page">
                
                <div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
                <div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered">
                    <div class="left-buttons">
                        <button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
                            <i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
                        </button>
                        <button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
                            <i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
                        </button>
                        <ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light (default)</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
                        </ul>
                        
                        <button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
                            <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
                        </button>
                        
                    </div>

                    <h1 class="menu-title"></h1>

                    <div class="right-buttons">
                        <a href="print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
                            <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
                        </a>
                        
                        <a href="https://gitee.com/minstrel1977/rust-reference" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
                            <i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
                        </a>
                        
                    </div>
                </div>

                
                <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
                    <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
                        <input type="search" name="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
                    </form>
                    <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
                        <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
                        <ul id="searchresults">
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
                

                <!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
                <script type="text/javascript">
                    document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
                    document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
                    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
                        link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
                    });
                </script>

                <div id="content" class="content">
                    <main>
                        <h2><a class="header" href="#behavior-considered-undefined" id="behavior-considered-undefined">Behavior considered undefined</a></h2>
<h2><a class="header" href="#未定义的行为" id="未定义的行为">未定义的行为</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/reference/blob/master/src/behavior-considered-undefined.md">behavior-considered-undefined.md</a><br />
commit: 8aa6f0f5471a23621f52d16e823c6316fda2b904 <br />
本章译文最后维护日期：2020-11-17</p>
</blockquote>
<p>如果 Rust 代码出现了下面列表中的任何行为，则此代码被认为不正确。这包括非安全(<code>unsafe</code>)块和非安全函数里的代码。非安全只意味着避免出现未定义行为(undefined behavior)的责任在程序员；它没有改变任何关于 Rust 程序必须确保不能写出导致未定义行为的代码的事实。</p>
<p>在编写非安全代码时，确保任何与非安全代码交互的安全代码不会触发下述未定义行为是程序员的责任。对于任何使用非安全代码的安全客户端(safe client)，如果当前条件满足了此非安全代码对于安全条件的要求，那此此非安全代码对于此安全客户端就是<em>健全的(sound)</em>；如果非安全(<code>unsafe</code>)代码可以被安全代码滥用以致出现未定义行为，那么此非安全(<code>unsafe</code>)代码对这些安全代码来说就是<em>不健全的(unsound)</em>。</p>
<div class="warning">
<p><em><strong>警告：</strong></em> 下面的列表并非详尽无遗地罗列了 Rust 中的未定义行为。而且对于在非安全代码中什么是明确不允许的，目前 Rust 还没有正式的语义模型，因此将来可能会有更多的行为被认为是不安全的。下面的列表仅仅是我们当前确定知晓的未定义行为。在编写非安全代码之前，请阅读 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/index.html">Rustonomicon</a>。</p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>数据竞争。</li>
<li>解引用（使用 <code>*</code> 操作符）悬垂或未对齐裸指针。</li>
<li>破坏<a href="http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#pointer-aliasing-rules">指针别名规则</a>。<code>&amp;mut T</code> 和 <code>&amp;T</code> 遵循 LLVM 的作用域<a href="http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#noalias">无别名(noalias)</a>模型(scoped noalias model)，除非 <code>&amp;T</code> 内部包含 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html"><code>UnsafeCell&lt;U&gt;</code></a> 类型。</li>
<li>修改不可变的数据。<a href="items/constant-items.html">常量(<code>const</code>)</a>项内的所有数据都是不可变的。此外，所有通过共享引用接触到的数据或不可变绑定所拥有的数据都是不可变的，除非该数据包含在 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html"><code>UnsafeCell&lt;U&gt;</code></a> 中。</li>
<li>通过编译器内部函数(compiler intrinsics)调用未定义行为。<sup class="footnote-reference"><a href="#译注1">1</a></sup></li>
<li>执行基于当前平台不支持的平台特性编译的代码（参见 <a href="attributes/codegen.html#the-target_feature-attribute"><code>target_feature</code></a>）。</li>
<li>用错误的 ABI约定来调用函数，或使用错误的 ABI展开约定来从某函数里发起展开(unwinding)。</li>
<li>产生非法值(invalid value)，即使在私有字段和本地变量中也是如此。“产生”值发生在这些时候：把值赋给位置表达式、从位置表达式里读取值、传递值给函数/基本运算(primitive operation)或从函数/基本运算中返回值。
以下值非法值（相对于它们各自的类型来说）：
<ul>
<li>
<p>布尔型中除 <code>false</code> (<code>0</code>) 或 <code>true</code> (<code>1</code>) 之外的值。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>不包括在该枚举(<code>enum</code>)类型定义中的判别值。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>指向为空(null)的函数指针(<code>fn</code> pointer)。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>代理码点(Surrogate)或码点大于 <code>char::MAX</code> 的字符(<code>char</code>)值。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>!</code>类型的值（任何此类型的值都是非法的）。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>从<a href="http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#undefined-values">未初始化的内存</a>中，或从字符串切片(<code>str</code>)的未初始化部分获取的整数（i*/u*）、浮点值（f*）或裸指针。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>悬垂(dangling)、未对齐或指向非法值的引用和 <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>宽(wide)引用、<code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code> 或原始指针中带有非法元数据(metadata)：</p>
<ul>
<li>如果 trait对象(<code>dyn Trait</code>)的元数据不是指向 <code>Trait</code> 的虚函数表(vtable)（该虚函数表与该指针或引用所指向的实际动态 trait 相匹配）的指针，则 <code>dyn Trait</code> 元数据非法。</li>
<li>如果切片的长度不是有效的 <code>usize</code>，则该切片的元数据是非法的（也就是说，不能从它未初始化的内存中读取它）。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>带有非法值的自定义类型的值非法。在标准库中，这条促成了 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/ptr/struct.NonNull.html"><code>NonNull&lt;T&gt;</code></a> 和 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/num/index.html"><code>NonZero*</code></a> 的出现。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>注意</strong>：<code>rustc</code> 是使用还未稳定下来的属性 <code>rustc_layout_scalar_valid_range_*</code> 来验证这条规则的。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>注意：</strong> 未初始化的内存对于任何具有有限有效值集的类型来说也隐式非法。也就是说，允许读取未初始化内存的情况只发生在联合体(<code>union</code>)内部和“对齐填充区(padding)”里（类型的字段/元素之间的间隙）。</p>
<p>如果引用/指针为空或者它指向的所有字节不是同一次分配(allocation)的一部分（因此，它们都必须是<em>某次</em>分配的一部分），那么它就是“悬垂”的。它指向的字节跨度(span)由指针本身和指针所指对象的类型的尺寸决定（此尺寸可使用 <code>size_of_val</code> 检测）。因此，如果这个字节跨度为空，则此时“悬垂”与“非空(non-null)”相同。请注意，切片和字符串指向它们的整个区间(range)，因此切片的长度元数据永远不要太大这点很重要。因此切片和字符串的分配不能大于  <code>isize::MAX</code> 个字节。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>注意</strong>：未定义行为影响整个程序。例如，在 C 中调用一个 C函数已经出现了未定义行为，这意味着包含此调用的整个程序都包含了未定义行为。如果 Rust 再通过 FFI 来调用这段 C程序/代码，那这段 Rust 代码也包含了未定义行为。反之亦然。因此 Rust 中的未定义行为会对任何其他通过 FFI 过来调用的代码造成不利影响。</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="footnote-definition" id="译注1"><sup class="footnote-definition-label">1</sup>
<p>因为编译器内部函数(compiler intrinsics)很多都是和平台相关的，移植性很差。</p>
</div>
<!-- 2020-11-12-->
<!-- checked -->

                    </main>

                    <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
                        <!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
                        
                            <a rel="prev" href="unsafe-blocks.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
                                <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
                            </a>
                        

                        
                            <a rel="next" href="behavior-not-considered-unsafe.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
                                <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
                            </a>
                        

                        <div style="clear: both"></div>
                    </nav>
                </div>
            </div>

            <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
                
                    <a rel="prev" href="unsafe-blocks.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
                        <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
                    </a>
                

                
                    <a rel="next" href="behavior-not-considered-unsafe.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
                        <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
                    </a>
                
            </nav>

        </div>

        

        

        

        
        <script type="text/javascript">
            window.playground_copyable = true;
        </script>
        

        

        
        <script src="elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        

        <script src="clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>

        <!-- Custom JS scripts -->
        

        

    </body>
</html>
